5Process step 5 of 7

Focus groups & contextual inquiry

Survey data tells you what is elevated. Prior Work tells you how it impacts health and wellbeing outcomes. Focus groups tell you why - the conditions, practices, and decisions behind the pattern. Each are necessary for effective action.

Why quantitative data alone isn't enough

Elevated role overload could mean insufficient headcount, poor work allocation, unclear priorities, or a mismatch between the role and the work. Each has a different solution. Structured consultation is how you tell them apart.

It also serves a participatory function: workers consulted in identifying a hazard are more likely to support the actions that follow.

Recruitment and sampling

Who you invite shapes what you hear.

Aim for 6–8 participants per group

Under 5 loses diversity; over 10 and quieter voices drop out. 6–8 is the sweet spot - enough for conversation, small enough that everyone contributes.

Avoid pure self-selection

Volunteers might bias results if disengaged or aggrieved. Where possible, randomly sample based on things like role level, team, tenure.

Keep groups relatively homogeneous

Don't mix hierarchy levels - junior staff are less likely to speak up/out with their manager present. Same or similar team or role levels generally work well together.

How many groups do you need?

No precise formula. Factors: workforce size and geographic spread, whether hazard profile varies across teams, and whether work groups have elected HSRs. A small single-site org may need a handful of sessions; a large or distributed workforce may warrant one per cohort. The practical minimum is enough to hear systematic themes rather than one team's experience.

Note representativeness limitations

If you only run one group or attendance is low, acknowledge it in analysis. Focus group findings are qualitative - they describe conditions, not prevalence.

Before you start

Share the survey findings first

Brief participants on the data before the session. People engage more usefully when they know what you found and why you're asking. Prior Work priotises workplace factors within the focus group template generated alongside your report in the previous section

Use your LMS or a booking tool

Manual invite coordination is one of the biggest logistical barriers. Most LMS platforms (Cornerstone, SAP SuccessFactors, TalentLMS, Canvas, Moodle) have session booking - timeslots as events, capped at group size, self-registered. Without an LMS, Microsoft Bookings, Calendly, or a form with radio-button timeslots works too.

Agree on how responses will be used

Confirm what's recorded, how it's attributed (themes only, no individual quotes), and who sees notes. Set this at session start, not just on the invite.

Consider AI transcription for notes

Facilitating and taking meaningful notes together is hard. AI transcription (Teams, Otter.ai, Fireflies) frees you up to focus on the room. Get consent before recording (invite + start), be clear on storage and access, and treat AI summaries as a starting point - they misattribute speakers and miss nuance. Anyone uncomfortable with recording should still be able to attend.

Internal or external facilitator?

A judgement call based on your circumstances:

Open and honest feedback: If the survey flagged concerns close to the facilitator (leadership trust, management support), participants may be less candid internally. An external facilitator removes that dynamic.
Seriousness of the issues: If results suggest bullying, harassment, or significant interpersonal conflict, an external facilitator experienced in sensitive conversations is worth it.
Availability, time, and cost: An internal HR or P&C professional outside the group's reporting line can run effective groups - often the practical choice at scale.

Practical note: Prior Work is free - resources that would have gone to data analysis can fund a professional facilitator instead. The guide template below serves as the briefing.

Session structure (90 minutes)

0–10 min
Welcome and ground rules

Purpose, how notes will be used, confidentiality, no right or wrong answers. Cover what will and won't be shared with management.

10–20 min
Survey findings overview

Share the 2–3 priority hazards from the data. Invite reactions - 'Does this match what you experience?' not 'Do you agree?'

20–50 min
Contextual inquiry

For each hazard: 'Can you tell us about a time when [hazard] affected your work? What contributed to it?' Probe for specific conditions, not generalisations.

50–70 min
Contributing factors

What makes [hazard] better or worse? What's within the team's control? What requires management action? What has been tried before?

70–85 min
Priorities and suggestions

If you could change one thing that would make the biggest difference, what would it be? (Open-ended - don't anchor to existing solutions.)

85–90 min
Close and next steps

What happens with today's discussion. When participants will hear back. Thank participants. Signpost the next step so people feel the process is moving.

Analysing the findings

After each session, write a brief summary: main themes, specific conditions contributing to each hazard, and any group suggestions. Do it within 48 hours.

Look for convergence (themes across groups) and divergence (hazards specific to particular teams). Convergent themes point to systemic action; divergent themes usually indicate local management practices to address at team level.

Structured coding guidance - a row-by-row quote coding template (hazard, theme, direction, contributing factor, action implication) aligned with the Action Planning structure will be added in a future update.

Other ways to gather the same information

Focus groups are one method. Some situations call for something different - or a combination.

1-on-1 confidential interviews
When: When issues are sensitive or interpersonal, or when group dynamics might prevent candid conversation.
Trade-offs: More depth, better for sensitive disclosures, but more facilitator time. Useful as follow-up when a focus group surfaces a theme needing exploration.
Small team meetings (≤8)
When: When the team is small enough that a focus group is effectively a full-team meeting.
Trade-offs: Convenient and less formal, less anonymous. Works where trust exists and the direct leader isn't in the room.
Anonymous written or digital input
When: Distributed, shift-based, or non-attending workforces.
Trade-offs: Low barrier and fully anonymous, but you lose conversational depth - follow-ups, clarification, cross-comments. Miro, anonymous Google Forms, or a suggestion box. Supplementary, not a substitute.
Hybrid approach
When: Focus groups for priority hazards, then 1-on-1 follow-ups for themes that need more exploration.
Trade-offs: More resource-intensive, most complete picture. Survey = what; focus group = why; 1-on-1 = how serious.

Facilitation guide template

Formatted facilitation guide: session structure, key questions, note prompts, findings summary. Can also brief an external facilitator on your survey findings and objectives.